Colon Cancer
Understanding Colon Cancer
Colon cancer develops in the large intestine (colon) and is one of the most common cancers worldwide. It usually starts as small, noncancerous polyps that gradually develop into cancer. Early screening through colonoscopies significantly reduces mortality rates.
Signs and Symptoms of Colon Cancer
- Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool – Often a sign of polyps or cancer
- Persistent changes in bowel habits – Including diarrhoea, constipation, or narrowing of stool
- Unexplained weight loss – Cancer can affect metabolism, digestion and appetite
- Abdominal pain, bloating, or cramping – Caused by tumour growth obstructing the digestive tract
- Fatigue or anaemia – Caused by chronic blood loss
Risk Factors for Colon Cancer
- Genetics and family history – Some inherited syndromes increase risk
- Age over 50 – Risk increases with age, though “early-onset” disease is increasing
- Diet – Low fibre, high-fat, and high-processed-meat diets contribute
- Smoking and alcohol consumption – Linked to higher cancer rates
- Obesity and lack of exercise – Raises overall cancer risk
Diagnosis of Colon Cancer
- Colonoscopy – A flexible tube with a camera inspects the rectum and colon for abnormalities
- Biopsy – A sample of tissue is taken during a colonoscopy to confirm cancer
- Imaging – CT, MRI, or PET scans help determine the stage
- Blood tests – Detect tumour markers that may indicate cancer
Treatment Options for Colon Cancer
Early-Stage Disease
- Surgery – Colectomy to remove affected sections.
- Adjuvant Chemotherapy – Used in stage III and high-risk stage II disease. Usually given for 3 or 6 months.
Metastatic Disease
- Systemic Treatments:
- Chemotherapy
- Targeted Therapy
- Immunotherapy (in select cases)
- Surgery or Radiation – Often to relieve obstruction or pain.