Anal Cancer
Understanding Anal Cancer
Anal cancer forms in the tissues of the anus and is relatively rare. Most cases are linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
Signs and Symptoms of Anal Cancer
- Rectal bleeding or blood in stool
- Persistent anal pain or pressure
- Unexplained anal itching or discomfort
- Change in bowel habit
- Lump or mass near the anus
- Unusual anal discharge
Risk Factors for Anal Cancer
- HPV infection – Most common cause
- Smoking – Weakens immune response to HPV
- Weakened immune system – HIV or immunosuppressive treatments
Diagnosis of Anal Cancer
- Physical examination – Detects lumps
- High-Resolution Anoscopy (HRA) – A scope inspects the anal canal
- Biopsy – Confirms cancer
- Imaging – CT, MRI, or PET scans help determine the stage
Treatment Options for Anal Cancer
Early-Stage Disease
- Chemoradiation Therapy – The primary curative intent treatment for most cases.
- Surgery – May used for recurrent or persistent disease.
Metastatic Disease
- Systemic Treatments:
- Chemotherapy
- Targeted Therapy
- Immunotherapy (in select cases)
- Radiation – Often to help pain or specific symptoms.
- Clinical Trials – Investigating novel targeted agents, immunotherapies, and combination treatments.